India Regulatory Updates

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to read data from the device or gain access to affected workstations. The following versions of ANDRITZ HIPASE-250 and 250 SCALA are affected: HIPASE-250 <=7.20 (CVE-2026-65309, CVE-2026-65310, CVE-2026-65311, CVE-2026-65313) 250 SCALA <=7.20 (CVE-2026-65309, CVE-2026-65310, CVE-2026-65311, CVE-2026-65313) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 8.1 ANDRITZ ANDRITZ HIPASE-250 and 250 SCALA Storing Passwords in a Recoverable Format, Missing Authentication for Critical Function, Use of Hard-coded Credentials Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Energy Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Austria Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-65309 ANDRITZ HIPASE-250 (formerly 250 SCALA) in affected versions stores and transmits user passwords using a reversible format instead of a one-way password hash. This allows an attacker able to read the creden

View CSAF Summary Solid Edge is affected by multiple file parsing vulnerabilities that could be triggered when the application reads specially crafted files in PAR, PSM or DFT format. This could allow an attacker to crash the application or execute arbitrary code. Siemens has released new versions for the affected products and recommends to update to the latest versions. The following versions of Siemens Solid Edge are affected: Solid Edge SE2025 vers:intdot/<225.0.15 (CVE-2026-50058, CVE-2026-50059, CVE-2026-50060, CVE-2026-50061, CVE-2026-50062, CVE-2026-50063, CVE-2026-50064) Solid Edge SE2026 vers:intdot/<226.0.7 (CVE-2026-50058, CVE-2026-50059, CVE-2026-50060, CVE-2026-50061, CVE-2026-50062, CVE-2026-50063, CVE-2026-50064) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.8 Siemens Siemens Solid Edge Out-of-bounds Read, Out-of-bounds Write, Use After Free Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Critical Manufacturing Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquar

View CSAF Summary Simcenter Femap contains two file parsing vulnerabilities that could be triggered when the application reads files in BMP file format. If a user is tricked to open a malicious file with the affected application, this could lead the application to crash or potentially lead to arbitrary code execution. Siemens has released a new version for Simcenter Femap and recommends to update to the latest version. The following versions of Siemens Simcenter Femap are affected: Simcenter Femap vers:intdot/<2606.0001 (CVE-2026-59700, CVE-2026-59701) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.8 Siemens Siemens Simcenter Femap Out-of-bounds Read Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Critical Manufacturing Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Germany Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-59700 The affected applications contains an out of bounds read vulnerability while parsing specially crafted BMP files. This could allow an attac

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may allow an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary OS commands with root privileges. The following versions of Haiwell IoT Cloud HMI Gateway are affected: Haiwell IoT Cloud HMI Gateway 3.40.1.12 (CVE-2026-19188) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 10 Haiwell Haiwell IoT Cloud HMI Gateway Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Energy, Critical Manufacturing, Water and Wastewater Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: China Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-19188 A critical OS command injection vulnerability has been identified in the Haiwell IoT Cloud HMI Gateway product. The vulnerability exists in the Net Check feature accessible via the /setting endpoint. The cmdPing Socket.io event fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input before passing it to the underlying ope

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to tamper with serialized data, potentially resulting in code execution during deserialization. The following versions of AVEVA Enterprise SCADA are affected: Enterprise SCADA 2025 (CVE-2025-7639) Enterprise SCADA >=2024|<=2024_SP1_P01 (CVE-2025-7639) Enterprise SCADA >=2023|<=2023_SP1 (CVE-2025-7639) Enterprise SCADA >=2022|<=2022_SP2_P2 (CVE-2025-7639) Enterprise SCADA <=2021_SP2_P5 (CVE-2025-7639) Enterprise SCADA HMI 2024|2024|R2 (CVE-2025-7639) Enterprise SCADA HMI <=2023_P1 (CVE-2025-7639) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.1 AVEVA AVEVA Enterprise SCADA Deserialization of Untrusted Data Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Critical Manufacturing Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: United Kingdom Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2025-7639 The vulnerability, if exploited, could allow an authenticated miscreant with "DNA Authority

View CSAF Summary Hitachi Energy is aware of Dirty Frag vulnerabilities that affect APM Edge product versions listed in this document. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could result in impact on confidentiality, integrity and availability of the product. Please refer to the Recommended Immediate Actions for information about the mitigation/remediation. The following versions of Hitachi Energy APM Edge Product are affected: APM Edge vers:APM_Edge/<=6.10 (CVE-2026-43284, CVE-2026-43500) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 8.8 Hitachi Energy Hitachi Energy APM Edge Product Write-what-where Condition, Out-of-bounds Write Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Energy Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Switzerland Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-43284 CWE-123: Write-what-where Condition A vulnerability exists in the IPsec ESP subsystem (esp4, esp6) of the Linux kernel used in APM Edge that allows a local unpri

Using a PIN mitigates many BitLocker vulnerabilities. Make sure you’re ready for the next one...

View CSAF Summary Fortinet has published information on vulnerabilities in FortiOS. This advisory lists the related Siemens Industrial products. Siemens recommends to contact customer support for additional information, and follow Fortinet advisory for workarounds and mitigation measures. The following versions of Siemens RUGGEDCOM APE1808 are affected: RUGGEDCOM APE1808 vers:all/* (CVE-2026-23573, CVE-2026-59839) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 6.1 Siemens Siemens RUGGEDCOM APE1808 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting'), Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Critical Manufacturing, Energy, Transportation Systems Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Germany Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-23573 An Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerabilit

The NCSC wants to collaborate with organisations developing technologies and approaches for secure, resilient and deployable private 5G

New guidance is the first content authored by the Industrial Control System COI to appear on ncsc.gov.uk.

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to use hidden commands to disable electrical safety mechanisms or modify other stimulation output settings. The following versions of Pulsetto Vagus Nerve Stimulator are affected: Pulsetto Vagus Nerve Stimulator vers:all/* (CVE-2026-18844) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 8.1 Pulsetto Pulsetto Vagus Nerve Stimulator Hidden Functionality Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Healthcare and Public Health Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Lithuania Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-18844 The firmware of the affected product accepts several undisclosed commands over its Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) interface. These commands are sent without authentication or encryption, and are never issued by the companion mobile application, yet are fully processed by the device when it is powered on. View CVE Details Affected Products Pulsetto Vagu

CISA has added three new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.   CVE-2026-20349 Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) and Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Heap Inspection Vulnerability CVE-2026-68820 Microsoft Windows Ancillary Function Driver for WinSock Use-After-Free Vulnerability CVE-2026-72898 Metabase SQL Injection Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 26-04: Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk establishes vulnerability management requirements for Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies. BOD 26-04 reinforces the importance of the KEV Catalog and requires federal agencies to prioritize rapid remediation of high-risk vulnerabilities, specifically those identified by Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) listed in CISA

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an attacker to access unauthorized health profile information, make changes to health information, cause a denial-of-service condition, disclose session token information, and obtain control of user accounts. The following versions of Mira Hormone Monitor, Mira Android App are affected: Mira Monitor Firmware 1.7.1.47 (CVE-2026-66875, CVE-2026-66098, CVE-2026-67558, CVE-2026-67568, CVE-2026-68067, CVE-2026-66340, CVE-2026-64934, CVE-2026-66832) Mira Android App 4.5.15.4 (CVE-2026-66875, CVE-2026-66098, CVE-2026-67558, CVE-2026-67568, CVE-2026-68067, CVE-2026-66340, CVE-2026-64934, CVE-2026-66832) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 9.8 Quanovate Tech Inc. (operating as Mira / Mira Care) Mira Hormone Monitor, Mira Android App Missing Authentication for Critical Function, Authentication Bypass by Spoofing, Use of Hard-coded Credentials, Weak Authentication, Improper Restriction of Excessive Authe

Advisory at a Glance Title #StopRansomware: Gunra Ransomware Original Publication August 10, 2026 Executive Summary Gunra is a ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) used by affiliates to target government, critical infrastructure, and other organizations. The Gunra ransomware variant first appeared in 2025 and expanded to RaaS operations in 2026. The actors leverage a double-extortion model, both encrypting data and threatening to publish exfiltrated data to a dedicated leak site (DLS) if the ransom is not paid. This advisory provides technical details of the activity, as well as tailored detection and mitigation guidance to protect at-risk organizations from Gunra. Key Actions Prioritize patching known exploited vulnerabilities in internet-facing systems, including virtual private network (VPN) gateways and remote desktop protocol (RDP)-exposed infrastructure. Implement and test offline, immutable backups stored in a physically separate, segmented location to ensure recoverability

CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.   CVE-2026-8037 Progress LoadMaster Command Injection Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 26-04: Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk establishes vulnerability management requirements for Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies. BOD 26-04 reinforces the importance of the KEV Catalog and requires federal agencies to prioritize rapid remediation of high-risk vulnerabilities, specifically those identified by Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) listed in CISA’s KEV Catalog on publicly exposed assets that grant total control of the asset post-exploitation, while deferring action for lower-risk vulnerabilities. BOD 26-04 further establishes basic expectations for when agencies must c

View CSAF Summary ATN-B1 CPDLC relies on legacy clear text unauthenticated radio frequency links. Research demonstrates that these characteristics allow unauthorized message injection, denial-of-service conditions, and forced session resets. These vulnerabilities do not constitute an unsafe aircraft condition but can degrade operational safety margins by increasing workload, delaying safety-critical instructions, and reducing situational awareness. The following versions of CPDLC over ATN-B1 Vulnerabilities are affected: ATN-B1 CPDLC vers:all/* (CVE-2025-71409, CVE-2025-71410, CVE-2025-71411, CVE-2025-71412, CVE-2025-71413) CVSS Standard Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.1 Advisory Circular 90-117 Data Link Communications CPDLC over ATN-B1 Vulnerabilities Missing Authentication for Critical Function, Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling, Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Transportation Systems Co

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to cause the application to crash if a maliciously crafted DICOM file is opened. The following versions of Medixant RadiAnt DICOM are affected: RadiAnt DICOM <=2025.2 CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 4.3 Medixant Medixant RadiAnt DICOM Out-of-bounds Write Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Healthcare and Public Health Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Poland Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-17264 Opening a crafted DICOM file containing malicious JPEG-compressed pixel data triggers an attacker-controlled heap out-of-bounds write, which may allow an attacker to remotely execute arbitrary code. View CVE Details Affected Products Medixant RadiAnt DICOM Vendor:Medixant Product Version:Medixant RadiAnt DICOM: <=2025.2 Product Status:known_affected Remediations MitigationUsers should update to version 2026.1. It is also recommen

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to access sensitive information on the device. The following versions of Johnson Controls Inc. TL280 are affected: TL280 <5.63  CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 4.1 Johnson Controls Inc. Johnson Controls Inc. TL280 Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Critical Manufacturing, Commercial Facilities, Government Services and Facilities, Transportation Systems, Energy Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Ireland Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-27871 Hardcoded credentials refer to usernames, passwords, or other authentication information that are embedded directly into the source code of a firmware file. These credentials are often used to access system login and other areas of an application. View CVE Details Affected Products Johnson Controls Inc. TL280 Vendor:Johnson Controls Inc.

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow attackers to bypass security, crash systems, execute unauthorized actions, or compromise data. The following versions of ABB Ability Zenon are affected: IIoT services with MongoDB (4.2) installed on ABB Ability Zenon vers:all/*  CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.8 ABB ABB Ability Zenon Improper Handling of Length Parameter Inconsistency, Improper Neutralization of Null Byte or NUL Character, Collapse of Data into Unsafe Value, Undefined Behavior for Input to API, Incorrect Regular Expression, Uncaught Exception, Reachable Assertion, Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling, Out-of-bounds Write, Improper Output Neutralization for Logs, Improper Certificate Validation, Execution with Unnecessary Privileges Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Chemical, Communications, Critical Manufacturing, Dams, Energy, Healthcare and Public Health, Information Technology, Water an

CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.   CVE-2026-63077 JetBrains TeamCity Deserialization of Untrusted Data Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 26-04: Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk establishes vulnerability management requirements for Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies. BOD 26-04 reinforces the importance of the KEV Catalog and requires federal agencies to prioritize rapid remediation of high-risk vulnerabilities, specifically those identified by Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) listed in CISA’s KEV Catalog on publicly exposed assets that grant total control of the asset post-exploitation, while deferring action for lower-risk vulnerabilities. BOD 26-04 further establishes basic expectations for when

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to modify .fsa/.hid output files, tampering with DNA data and resulting in inaccurate test results. The following versions of Thermo Fisher Applied Biosystems Genetic Analyzers are affected: Applied Biosystems 3500/3500xL Series Data Collection Software <=4.0.2  Applied Biosystems 3730/3730xL Series Data Collection Software <=5.0.2  Applied Biosystems SeqStudio Genetic Analyzer Data Collection Software <=1.2.5  Applied Biosystems SeqStudio Flex Series Instrument Software <=1.2.0  Applied Biosystems GeneMapper ID-X Software <=v1.7.3  Applied Biosystems 3130 Series Data Collection Software <=4.1  ABI PRISM 3100/3100-Avant Data Collection Software <=2.0  ABI PRISM 310 Data Collection Software <=3.1  CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 8.4 Thermo Fisher Thermo Fisher Applied Biosystems Genetic Analyzers Missing Support for Integrity Check Background Critical Infrastructure Se

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to perform unauthorized vehicle control operations. The following versions of Acrisure KARR BT and DR-100 are affected: KARR BT firmware <July_20_2026 DR-100 firmware <July_20_2026 CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 8.1 Acrisure Acrisure KARR BT and DR-100 Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Transportation Systems Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: United States Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-18411 The KARR Security System and SWDS dealer-installed automotive anti-theft systems use a shared Bluetooth authentication key across affected devices. An attacker within Bluetooth range can leverage this weakness to issue unauthorized commands to the vehicle, potentially allowing unauthorized access to vehicle functions, including door unlocking and engine immobilization. View CVE Details Affected Pr

CISA has added three new vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.   CVE-2026-9198 IBM Langflow Code Injection Vulnerability CVE-2026-18556 N-able N-central Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel Vulnerability CVE-2026-34486 Apache Tomcat Missing Encryption of Sensitive Data Vulnerability These types of vulnerabilities are a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and pose significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 26-04: Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk establishes vulnerability management requirements for Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies. BOD 26-04 reinforces the importance of the KEV Catalog and requires federal agencies to prioritize rapid remediation of high-risk vulnerabilities, specifically those identified by Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) listed in CISA’s KEV Catalog on publicly exposed assets that

A statement from Ollie Whitehouse, Chief Technology Officer at the NCSC, on AI security following recent incidents.

CISA has added one new vulnerability to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Catalog, based on evidence of active exploitation.   CVE-2026-18577 N-able N-central Authentication Bypass Using an Alternate Path or Channel Vulnerability This type of vulnerability is a frequent attack vector for malicious cyber actors and poses significant risks to the federal enterprise. Binding Operational Directive (BOD) 26-04: Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk establishes vulnerability management requirements for Federal Civilian Executive Branch (FCEB) agencies. BOD 26-04 reinforces the importance of the KEV Catalog and requires federal agencies to prioritize rapid remediation of high-risk vulnerabilities, specifically those identified by Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) listed in CISA’s KEV Catalog on publicly exposed assets that grant total control of the asset post-exploitation, while deferring action for lower-risk vulnerabilities. BOD 26-04 further establishes ba

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to cause a denial-of-service condition. The following versions of NASA Core Flight System (cFS) Health & Safety (HS) Application are affected: Core Flight System (cFS) Health & Safety (HS) Application <=v7.0.1 (CVE-2026-18064) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.5 NASA NASA Core Flight System (cFS) Health & Safety (HS) Application NULL Pointer Dereference Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Transportation Systems Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: United States Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-18064 An incomplete fix for CVE-2026-15352 in the NASA core Flight System (cFS) Health and Safety (HS) application leaves a separate NULL pointer dereference reachable in versions through 7.0.1. An attacker who can trigger the affected command under specific conditions could cause the HS application to crash, resulting in a

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker with access to the same network segment to tamper with communication data in the affected product by sending specially crafted packets under specific timing conditions. This could allow the attacker to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition in the affected product by interfering with its control function or causing it to operate incorrectly. The following versions of Mitsubishi Electric CC-Link IE TSN Communication Protocol are affected: Mitsubishi Electric MELSEC MX Controller MX-R model MXR300-16 vers:all/* (CVE-2026-13584) Mitsubishi Electric MELSEC MX Controller MX-R model MXR300-32 vers:all/* (CVE-2026-13584) Mitsubishi Electric MELSEC MX Controller MX-R model MXR300-64 vers:all/* (CVE-2026-13584) Mitsubishi Electric MELSEC MX Controller MX-R model MXR500-128 vers:all/* (CVE-2026-13584) Mitsubishi Electric MELSEC MX Controller MX-R model MXR500-256 vers:all/* (CVE-2026-13584) Mitsubishi Ele

View CSAF Summary Schneider Electric is aware of a vulnerability in its IGSS Definition module for the IGSS (Interactive Graphical SCADA System) product. The [IGSS](https://igss.schneider-electric.com/) product is a state-of-the-art SCADA system used for monitoring and controlling industrial processes. The IGSS Definition module is a design-time component used by system integrators to create mimic diagrams for plant personnel, enabling them to monitor and control the SCADA system. Failure to apply the remediation provided below may risk loss of data or arbitrary code execution, which could result in the loss of control of the system. The following versions of Schneider Electric IGSS are affected: IGSS () IGSS Definition (Def.exe) module vers:intdot/<=18.0.0.26124, 18.0.0.26125 () CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 7.8 Schneider Electric Schneider Electric IGSS Out-of-bounds Write Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Commercial Facilities, Critical Manufac

Open source software (OSS) is embedded in nearly every modern system, from business applications to critical infrastructure. Our new Open Source Software: Security Principles and Practices guidance helps agencies securely use, evaluate, and publish open source software. It covers OSS risk management across the full lifecycle, introduces the C4 Framework for trust assessment, and provides specific recommendations for vulnerability management, software bill of materials use, secure development, and handling open source artificial intelligence systems. Visit CISA’s Open Source Security webpage for more resources. CISA is committed to providing access to our web pages and documents for individuals with disabilities, both members of the public and federal employees. If the format of any elements or content within this document interferes with your ability to access the information, as defined in the Rehabilitation Act, please email opensource@cisa.dhs.gov. To enable us to respond in a man

View CSAF Summary Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to extract the router's WireGuard private key in plaintext using only low‑privilege API access, enabling full VPN impersonation and decryption of all associated traffic. The following versions of MikroTik RouterOS are affected: RouterOS vers:all/* (CVE-2026-14227) CVSS Vendor Equipment Vulnerabilities v3 4.9 MikroTik MikroTik RouterOS Insufficient Session Expiration Background Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Information Technology Countries/Areas Deployed: Worldwide Company Headquarters Location: Latvia Vulnerabilities Expand All + CVE-2026-14227 An API session‑management flaw in products with the MikroTik RouterOS API enabled are vulnerable to a Insufficient Session Expiration vulnerability. This could allow active sessions to retain their previous permission set after inactivity timeouts or user‑group changes. As a result, an authenticated user whose permissions have bee